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Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" and "tomos" (), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the urinary tract (kidney stones), bladder (bladder stones), and gallbladder (), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract.
Surgery was the only method to remove stones too large to pass until French surgeon and urologist Jean Civiale in 1832 invented a surgical instrument (the lithotrite) to crush stones inside the urinary bladder without having to open the abdomen. To remove a calculus, Civiale inserted his instrument through the urethra and bored
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally-invasive procedure to remove stones from the kidney by a small puncture wound (up to about 1 cm) through the skin. It is most suitable to remove stones of more than 2 cm in size and which are present near the pelvic region. It is usually done under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia.
An antihemorrhagic (British English: antihaemorrhagic) agent is a substance that promotes hemostasis (a process which stops bleeding). [1] It may also be known as a hemostatic (also spelled haemostatic) agent. [2] Antihemorrhagic agents used in medicine have various mechanisms of action:
Pulsed dye lasers have been used with fiber diameters of 200–550 microns [8] for lithotripsy of biliary and urinary stones. [9] Ho:YAG lasers have wavelength of 2100 nm (infrared) and are used for medical procedures in urology and other areas. They have qualities of CO 2 and Nd:Yag lasers, with ablative and coagulation effects. [10]
Otherwise a noncontrast helical CT scan with 5 millimeters (0.2 in) sections is the diagnostic method to use to detect kidney stones and confirm the diagnosis of kidney stone disease. [ 16 ] [ 57 ] [ 61 ] [ 66 ] [ 7 ] Near all stones are detectable on CT scans with the exception of those composed of certain drug residues in the urine, [ 59 ...
Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy (EHL) is a medical procedure which uses targeted shockwaves to break up kidney stones and gallstones. [1] This form of extracorporeal lithotripsy is unique in that the shockwaves are produced by a vaporization bubble expanding and collapsing repeatedly, creating a pressure wave. [1]
Physical agents (gelatin sponge) – Gelatin sponges have been indicated as great hemostatic devices. Once applied to a bleeding area, a gelatin sponge quickly stops or reduces the amount of bleeding present. These physical agents are mostly used in surgical settings as well as after surgery treatments.
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