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Replacement: methods which avoid the use of animals in research; Reduction: use of methods that enable researchers to minimise the number of animals necessary to obtain reliable and useful information. Refinement: use of methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm and improve welfare for the animals used.
Harm avoidance (HA) is a personality trait characterized by excessive worrying; pessimism; shyness; and being fearful, doubtful, and easily fatigued. In MRI studies HA was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the orbito-frontal, occipital and parietal regions.
The "do no harm" principle does not justify the removal of relevant negative information about a living person. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and articles must be written from a neutral point of view. Thus, they must represent fairly and without bias all significant views and information (that have been published by reliable sources).
The antonym of this term, maleficence, describes a practice that opposes the welfare of any research participant. According to the Belmont Report, researchers are required to follow two moral requirements in line with the principle of beneficence: do not harm and maximize possible benefits for research while minimizing any potential harm on others.
The Belmont Report is a 1978 report created by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.Its full title is the Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, Report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
SOURCE: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, University of Louisiana at Lafayette (2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010).Read our methodology here.. HuffPost and The Chronicle examined 201 public D-I schools from 2010-2014.
Murray Sidman's studies on avoidance conditioning significantly contributed to the understanding of the principles governing the acquisition and maintenance of avoidance behavior. His work laid the groundwork for further research in behavioral psychology and had practical implications for therapeutic approaches.
Research has found that all of the TCI dimensions are each related substantially to at least one of the dimensions in the Five Factor Model, [3] Eysenck's model, Zuckerman's alternative five: Harm avoidance is strongly positively associated with neuroticism and inversely associated with extraversion.