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After the partitioning of the empire in the latter 13th century, the western Mongol state called Golden Horde broke away from the unified empire. Kazakhstan was controlled by Golden Horde for more than 200 years. During Uzbeg Khan's rule (1312–41), Islam was adopted as a state religion.
Atyrau Region, Mangystau Region, West Kazakhstan Region: 2021 ii (cultural) This nomination comprises the sites along the Silk Road that were connecting the Aral Sea with the Caspian Sea and further along the Ural and Volga rivers. The oldest settlement, Kyzylkala, dates to the 10th century, and was abandoned in the 13th century.
Turkic nomads entered the region from as early as the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan.
By the middle of the 13th century it had returned as a large trade center on the way from the West to the East. During the second half of the 14th century Southern Kazakhstan was brought into the sphere of Timur's power. In February 1405, when Timur was visiting Otrar to gather his troops, he caught a cold and died in one of the Otrar palaces.
A map showing the major trade routes of Central Asia in the 13th century. Mongol invasions and conquests seriously depopulated large areas of Muslim Central Asia. Over time, as new technologies were introduced, the nomadic horsemen grew in power. The Scythians developed the saddle, and by the time of the Alans the use of the stirrup had begun ...
Mongol rule loosened in the late 13th century so that some princes were able to collect taxes as the khan's agents. By the early 14th century, all the grand dukes were collecting taxes by themselves, so that the average people no longer dealt with Mongol overlords while their rulers answered to Sarai. [150]
The date of his birth is difficult to ascertain from historical documents, and later 13th-century hagiographical sources show evidence of pushing the date of his life to before the Mongol Conquest, i.e. c. 1103–1166. [37] This chronology is generally accepted in contemporary Central Eurasian studies.
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history. [5] Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; [6] eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent, mounted invasions of Southeast Asia, and ...