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Scientist Otto Warburg, whose research activities led to the formulation of the Warburg hypothesis for explaining the root cause of cancer.. The Warburg hypothesis (/ ˈ v ɑːr b ʊər ɡ /), sometimes known as the Warburg theory of cancer, postulates that the driver of carcinogenesis (cancer formation) is insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult (damage) to mitochondria. [1]
In cancer cells, major changes in gene expression increase glucose uptake to support their rapid growth. Unlike normal cells, which produce lactate only when oxygen is low, cancer cells convert much of the glucose to lactate even in the presence of adequate oxygen. This is known as the “Warburg Effect.”
Starvation response in animals (including humans) is a set of adaptive biochemical and physiological changes, triggered by lack of food or extreme weight loss, in which the body seeks to conserve energy by reducing metabolic rate and/or non-resting energy expenditure to prolong survival and preserve body fat and lean mass.
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Summarized in a few words, the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar. — Otto H. Warburg, [ 22 ] Warburg continued to develop the hypothesis experimentally and gave several prominent lectures outlining the theory and the data.
The nutrient has been shown to help guard against breast cancer, while a diet rich in vitamin A has been linked to a lower risk for squamous cell carcinoma, a common form of skin cancer.
In cancer, there are several reprogrammed metabolic pathways that help cells survive when nutrients are scarce: Aerobic glycolysis, an increase in glycolytic flux, also known as the Warburg effect, allows glycolytic intermediates to supply subsidiary pathways to meet the metabolic demands of proliferating tumorigenic cells. [10]
The trial, involving 586 patients, tested the drug against chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had a specific gene mutation leading to abnormal cell growth.