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  2. Ionosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere

    Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...

  3. Kármán line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kármán_line

    Earth's atmosphere photographed from the International Space Station.The orange and green line of airglow is at roughly the altitude of the Kármán line. [1]The Kármán line (or von Kármán line / v ɒ n ˈ k ɑːr m ɑː n /) [2] is a conventional definition of the edge of space; it is widely but not universally accepted.

  4. Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth

    The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.

  5. Aeronomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomy

    Terrestrial aeronomy focuses on the Earth's upper atmosphere, which extends from the stratopause to the atmosphere's boundary with outer space and is defined as consisting of the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere and their ionized component, the ionosphere. [5]

  6. Upper atmosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_atmosphere

    The ionosphere, an ionized portion of the upper atmosphere which includes the upper mesosphere, thermosphere, and lower exosphere and on Earth lies between the altitudes of 48 and 965 kilometres (30 and 600 mi)

  7. Scientists have spotted unexpected X- and C-shaped ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/scientists-spotted-unexpected-x...

    Scientists studying the zone between Earth’s atmosphere and space have spotted unusual X- and C-shaped features ... travel freely through a layer of Earth’s atmosphere known as the ionosphere.

  8. F region - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_region

    The F region of the ionosphere is home to the F layer of ionization, also called the Appleton–Barnett layer, after the English physicist Edward Appleton and New Zealand physicist and meteorologist Miles Barnett. As with other ionospheric sectors, 'layer' implies a concentration of plasma, while 'region' is the volume that contains the said layer.

  9. Skywave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywave

    The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 80 km (50 miles) to 1000 km (600 miles) in altitude, where neutral air is ionized by solar photons, solar particles, and cosmic rays. When high-frequency signals enter the ionosphere at a low angle they are bent back towards the Earth by the ionized layer. [1]