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The cooperation between Photosystems I and II creates an electron and proton flow from H 2 O to NADP +, producing NADPH needed for glucose synthesis. This pathway is called the ' Z-scheme ' because the redox diagram from H 2 O to NADP + via P680 and P700 resembles the letter Z. [ 11 ]
At high temperatures, these interactions cannot form, and a functional protein is denatured. [25] However, it relies on two factors; the type of protein used and the amount of heat applied. The amount of heat applied determines whether this change in protein is permanent or if it can be transformed back to its original form. [26]
The iron atoms are coordinated to the protein through the carboxylate side chains of a glutamate and aspartate and five histidine residues. The uptake of O 2 by hemerythrin is accompanied by two-electron oxidation of the reduced binuclear center to produce bound peroxide (OOH −). The mechanism of oxygen uptake and release have been worked out ...
Compare this to the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, which reduces FAD + to produce FADH 2, donates electrons to the quinone pool in the electron transport chain, and is capable of generating only 2 ATPs per NADH generated in glycolysis (ultimately resulting in a net gain of 36 ATPs per glucose metabolized).
The cyclic light-dependent reactions occur only when the sole photosystem being used is photosystem I. Photosystem I excites electrons which then cycle from the transport protein, ferredoxin (Fd), to the cytochrome complex, b 6 f, to another transport protein, plastocyanin (Pc), and back to photosystem I. A proton gradient is created across the ...
1/2 o 2 + nadh + h + → h 2 o + nad + The potential difference between these two redox pairs is 1.14 volt, which is equivalent to -52 kcal/mol or -2600 kJ per 6 mol of O 2 . When one NADH is oxidized through the electron transfer chain, three ATPs are produced, which is equivalent to 7.3 kcal/mol x 3 = 21.9 kcal/mol.
“Expert guidance suggests multiplying your body weight in pounds by anywhere from 0.55 to 0.72 to calculate the grams of protein you need daily,” Pasquariello said.
In Complex III (cytochrome bc 1 complex or CoQH 2-cytochrome c reductase; EC 1.10.2.2), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH 2 at the Q O site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within ...