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A Martian year is approximately 668.6 sols, equivalent to approximately 687 Earth days [1] or 1.88 Earth years. The sol was adopted in 1976 during the Viking Lander missions and is a measure of time mainly used by NASA when, for example, scheduling the use of a Mars rover .
Summary of Mars mission clocks and sol counts Mission Ref. long. Clock offset Type Epoch (LT) Pathfinder (1997) 33.25°W AAT-02:13:01 LTST Sol 1 = MSD 43905 Spirit (2004) 165.01°E AMT+11:00:04 HLST Sol 1 = MSD 46216 Opportunity (2004) 15.28°W AMT-01:01:06 HLST Sol 1 = MSD 46236 Phoenix (2008) 126.65°W AMT-08:26:36 LMST Sol 0 = MSD 47776 ...
Distance of the outer limit of Oort cloud from the Sun (estimated, corresponds to 1.2 light-years) — Parsec: 206 265 — One parsec. The parsec is defined in terms of the astronomical unit, is used to measure distances beyond the scope of the Solar System and is about 3.26 light-years: 1 pc = 1 au/tan(1″) [6] [61] Proxima Centauri: 268 000 ...
Volume was measured in ngogn (equal to 1000 cubic potrzebies), mass in blintz (equal to the mass of 1 ngogn of halva, which is "a form of pie [with] a specific gravity of 3.1416 and a specific heat of .31416"), and time in seven named units (decimal powers of the average earth rotation, equal to 1 "clarke").
The first satellites designed for long term observation of the Sun from interplanetary space were NASA's Pioneers 6, 7, 8 and 9, which were launched between 1959 and 1968. These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth, and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field.
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This is a list of the 27 longest spacewalks, also known as an extravehicular activity or EVA. "Agency" here refers to the organization under whose auspices the EVA was conducted (so a Swiss or Japanese astronaut would be listed under NASA if they wore NASA suits and were controlled by Mission Control Houston).
The International Space Station is in LEO about 400 to 420 kilometres (250 to 260 mi) above the Earth's surface. [14] The station’s orbit decays by about 2 km/month (1.2 mi/month) and consequently needs re-boosting a few times a year. The Iridium telecom satellites orbit at about 780 km (480 mi).