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4. In the context of Darwin's Variation under Domestication, "true breeding" is a phenotypic characteristic rather than a genetic one. True-breeding organisms produce offspring that are identical to themselves, concerning some trait -- i.e. white fantails, when bred with white fantails, produce characteristically white offspring.
In Campbell Biology (2021) 12th edition it says that. "True-breeding" (or pure lines) can be verified over many generations of self-pollination. If they produce only the same variety as the parent plant, then they are homozygous. There are more complicated situations, such as if being homozygous at a locus is fatal.
Cross breeding : between different breeds. Outcrossing : unrelated individual,same breed,no common ancestor. Detailed answer. Inbreeding it is a mating within the same breed between different superior male and superior female. Inbreeding between close relatives can cause inbreeding depression like decreased Vigour , fertility and productivity.
4. The answer is "yes". Evolution is defined as a change in heritable characteristics of a population over generations, and to me, there is no reason not to define domestic animals as populations. The statements you list can all be refuted: Part of the selection human-driven, part "natural".
One definition is a group which can interbreed successfully with other subspecies, but does not do so in practice (e.g. due to geographical isolation). Other terms like variety, form, etc., may be used in some domains to indicate various groupings below the species level.
5. Short answer: The effective population size of a population is the corresponding population size of a idealized (fisherian) population that would function in the same way with respect to genetic drift and inbreeding as the focal population under interest. Long answer, below.
The reason most apples are produced from grafted trees is that apples don't breed true. In a large number of crops, you have "lines" of crops. Basically, if you breed two plants of the same cultivar together, their offspring are similar enough to both parents that it performs like the parents.
Inbreeding refers to sexual reproduction between genetically closely related individuals, within a species. Inbreeding will increase the relatedness between individuals in a population. Interbreeding refers to reproduction with another species (or race), and is often used as a synonym to crossbreeding or hybridization (when referring to hybrid ...
There are numerous sources that explain eye color in terms of OCA2's role in the creation of melanin and the probable role of HERC2 in regulating its expression, and many Punnett squares invoking the gey and bey genes to explain inheritance (with the appropriate caveats regarding evidence of numerous other genes that also play lesser roles ...
In the context of a diploid individual, they have two instances of each gene so therefore two alleles; these alleles can be the same or different. So you can say you have two "red flower" alleles, meaning two copies of the red flower allele. Or you can have a population that has two alleles for flower color: red flower alleles or white flower ...