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Hence, not only the ideas of the Muslim political philosophers but also many other jurists and ulama posed political ideas and theories. For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of
In his study Religion and State in Syria (2013), [88] Pierret pointed out how the training of Syria's ulama gradually became more institutionalised, based upon the traditional madrasa system. In 1920, the madrasa of the Khusruwiyah Mosque complex (which was to be destroyed in 2014 during the Syrian Civil War ) introduced an entrance exam and a ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 26 January 2025. Ethnic group Part of a series on Romani people Names People Romani people by sub-group Afro-Romani Arlije Bergitka Roma Burgenland Roma Boyash Cascarots Crimean Roma Gurbeti Judeo-Romani Kalderash Calé Kaale Kalé Lovari Lăutari Machvaya Romanisael Polska Roma Romanichal Ruska Roma ...
In the early Islamic caliphates, the caliph was the head of state, and had a position based on the notion of a successor to Muhammad's political authority, who, according to Sunnī Muslims, were ideally elected by the people or their representatives, [64] as was the case for the election of Abū Bakr (632–634), ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān (644 ...
Religion in ancient Rome consisted of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both by the people of Rome as well as those who were brought under its rule. The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety ( pietas ) in maintaining good ...
[98] [99] Their theology is based on a divine triad, [97] [100] [101] or trinity, which is the core of Alawite belief. [102] The triad comprises three emanations of the one God: the supreme aspect or entity called the "Essence" [ 102 ] or the "Meaning" [ 101 ] (both being translations of ma'na ), together with two lesser emanations known as his ...
Sufism (تصوف taṣawwuf) is a mystic tradition of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi (one who practices Sufism).According to Renard (2021) quoted by Green the meaning of Sufism is “a strong method of Muslim’s knowledge and practice bringing proximity to or ...
As Islamic Modernist beliefs were co-opted by secularist rulers and official `ulama, the Brotherhood moved in a traditionalist and conservative direction, as it drew more and more of those Muslims "whose religious and cultural sensibilities had been outraged by the impact of Westernisation" -- being "the only available outlet" for such people. [89]