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For the purposes of these tables, a, b, and c represent valid values (literals, values from variables, or return value), object names, or lvalues, as appropriate.R, S and T stand for any type(s), and K for a class type or enumerated type.
Any floating-point type can be modified with complex, and is then defined as a pair of floating-point numbers. Note that C99 and C++ do not implement complex numbers in a code-compatible way – the latter instead provides the class std:: complex. All operations on complex numbers are defined in the <complex.h> header.
In C++, the C++20 revision adds the spaceship operator <=>, which returns a value that encodes whether the 2 values are equal, less, greater, or unordered and can return different types depending on the strictness of the comparison. [3] The name's origin is due to it reminding Randal L. Schwartz of the spaceship in an HP BASIC Star Trek game. [4]
The bitwise XOR (exclusive or) performs an exclusive disjunction, which is equivalent to adding two bits and discarding the carry. The result is zero only when we have two zeroes or two ones. [3] XOR can be used to toggle the bits between 1 and 0. Thus i = i ^ 1 when used in a loop toggles its values between 1 and 0. [4]
It is often necessary to distinguish between: two different objects of the same type, e.g., two hands; two objects being equal but distinct, e.g., two $10 banknotes; two objects being equal but having different representation, e.g., a $1 bill and a $1 coin; two different references to the same object, e.g., two nicknames for the same person
In addition, swapping two variables in object-oriented languages such as C++ may involve one call to the class constructor and destructor for the temporary variable, and three calls to the copy constructor. Some classes may allocate memory in the constructor and deallocate it in the destructor, thus creating expensive calls to the system.
In information theory, the Hamming distance between two strings or vectors of equal length is the number of positions at which the corresponding symbols are different. In other words, it measures the minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into the other, or equivalently, the minimum number of errors that could have transformed one string into the other.
Using the XOR swap algorithm to exchange nibbles between variables without the use of temporary storage. In computer programming, the exclusive or swap (sometimes shortened to XOR swap) is an algorithm that uses the exclusive or bitwise operation to swap the values of two variables without using the temporary variable which is normally required.