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Map of world's major seamounts. A list of active and extinct submarine volcanoes and seamounts located under the world's oceans. There are estimated to be 40,000 to 55,000 seamounts in the global oceans. [1] Almost all are not well-mapped and many may not have been identified at all. Most are unnamed and unexplored.
The Tonga–Kermadec Ridge is an oceanic ridge in the south-west Pacific Ocean underlying the Tonga–Kermadec island arc.It is a result of the most linear, fastest converging, and seismically active subduction boundary on Earth, the Kermadec–Tonga subduction zone, and consequently has the highest density of submarine volcanoes.
Government of Tonga, official 1962 land survey Siebert L, Simkin T (2002–present). Volcanoes of the World: an Illustrated Catalog of Holocene Volcanoes and their Eruptions .
The Kermadec–Tonga subduction zone is a convergent plate boundary that stretches from the North Island of New Zealand northward. The formation of the Kermadec and Tonga plates started about 4–5 million years ago. Today, the eastern boundary of the Tonga plate is one of the fastest subduction zones, with a rate up to 24 cm/year (9.4 in/year ...
Research from the ROV KAIKO off the coast of Hawaii has suggested that pahoehoe lava flows occur underwater, and the degree of the submarine terrain slope and rate of lava supply determine the shape of the resulting lobes. [5] In August 2019, news media reported a large pumice raft floating in the South Pacific between Fiji and Tonga. [6]
A map of West Mata and where it is located. West Mata can be found in the northeastern portion of Tonga, in between Fiji and Samoa. It is located approximately 200 km (124 mi) southwest of the Samoan Islands and around 600 km (373 mi) northeast of the Lau Islands of Fiji.
The volcano that built the island's basement is inferred to be mid-plate hotspot volcanism, and was formed when a disturbance in the transition zone led magma from the zone toward Earth's surface. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Eolian limestone and hills dominates much of the surface geology of Bermuda, interbedded with layers of paleosols .
The 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption began on 16 March 2009, [5] near the island of Hunga Tonga, approximately 62 kilometres (39 mi) from the Tongan capital of Nukuʻalofa. [6] The volcano is in a highly active volcanic region that represents a portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire .