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  2. Charge density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_density

    The charge density appears in the continuity equation for electric current, and also in Maxwell's Equations. It is the principal source term of the electromagnetic field; when the charge distribution moves, this corresponds to a current density. The charge density of molecules impacts chemical and separation processes.

  3. List of electromagnetism equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electromagnetism...

    Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.

  4. Charge carrier density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_carrier_density

    Charge carrier density, ... this equation simplifies to = ... where it is an important quantity for the process of chemical doping.

  5. Gauss's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss's_law

    We introduce the polarization density P, which has the following relation to E and D: = + and the following relation to the bound charge: = Now, consider the three equations: = = = The key insight is that the sum of the first two equations is the third equation.

  6. Surface charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_charge

    For dielectric materials, upon the application of an external electric field, [1] the positive charges and negative charges in the material will slightly move in opposite directions, resulting in polarization density in the bulk body and bound charge at the surface. In chemistry, there are many different processes which can lead to a surface ...

  7. Electric charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

    The conservation of charge results in the charge-current continuity equation. More generally, the rate of change in charge density ρ within a volume of integration V is equal to the area integral over the current density J through the closed surface S = ∂V, which is in turn equal to the net current I:

  8. Electron density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_density

    Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding any given point. It is a scalar quantity depending upon three spatial variables and is typically denoted as either ρ ( r ) {\displaystyle \rho ({\textbf {r}})} or n ( r ) {\displaystyle n ...

  9. Charge density wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_density_wave

    A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current.