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2. Parallel computing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing

   An operating system can ensure that different tasks and user programs are run in parallel on the available cores. However, for a serial software program to take full advantage of the multi-core architecture the programmer needs to restructure and parallelize the code.

3. Parallel programming model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_programming_model

   In computing, a parallel programming model is an abstraction of parallel computer architecture, with which it is convenient to express algorithms and their composition in programs. The value of a programming model can be judged on its generality : how well a range of different problems can be expressed for a variety of different architectures ...

4. Granularity (parallel computing) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granularity_(parallel...

   At program-level, parallel execution of programs takes place. Granularity can be in the range of tens of thousands of instructions. [1] Coarse-grained parallelism is used at this level. The below table shows the relationship between levels of parallelism, grain size and degree of parallelism

5. Programming in the large and programming in the small

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large...

   Fred Brooks identifies that the way an individual program is created is different from how a programming systems product is created. [2] The former likely does one relatively simple task well. It is probably coded by a single engineer, is complete in itself, and is ready to run on the system on which it was developed.

6. Amdahl's law - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdahl's_law

   A part of that program may scan the directory of the disk and create a list of files internally in memory. After that, another part of the program passes each file to a separate thread for processing. The part that scans the directory and creates the file list cannot be sped up on a parallel computer, but the part that processes the files can.

7. Instruction-level parallelism - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism

   Atanasoff–Berry computer, the first computer with parallel processing [1] Instruction-level parallelism (ILP) is the parallel or simultaneous execution of a sequence of instructions in a computer program. More specifically, ILP refers to the average number of instructions run per step of this parallel execution. [2]: 5

8. Single program, multiple data - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_program,_multiple_data

   In Auguin’s SPMD model, the same (parallel) task (“same program”) is executed on different (SIMD) processors (“operating in lock-step mode” [1] acting on a part (“slice”) of the data-vector. Specifically, in their 1985 paper [2] (and similarly in [3] [1]) is stated: “we consider the SPMD (Single Program, Multiple Data) operating ...

9. List of concurrent and parallel programming languages

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concurrent_and...

   Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model . A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a ...