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ASTM A354 is an ASTM International standard that defines chemical and mechanical properties for alloy steel bolts, screws, studs, and other externally threaded fasteners.It is officially titled: Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners.
A stud is graded for vertical application and its stress requirements and allowable visual defects reflect that application. A stud is most similar to a #2 grade, which is held to a higher standard during grading. The biggest difference between the two is the frequency, placement and size of knots and overall allowable wane.
The standard designation for a UTS thread is a number indicating the nominal (major) diameter of the thread, followed by the pitch measured in threads per inch.For diameters smaller than 1 / 4 inch, the diameter is indicated by an integer number defined in the standard; for all other diameters, the inch figure is given.
Studs with a length of engagement equal to about 1 d: Active: DIN 939: Studs with a length of engagement equal to about 1,25 d: Active: DIN 946: Determination of coefficient of friction of bolt/nut assemblies under specified conditions: Withdrawn: DIN EN ISO 16047: ISO 16047: DIN 960: M8x1 to M100x4 hexagon head bolts with fine pitch thread ...
The length of a machine screw or bolt is indicated by an × and the length expressed in millimetres (e.g. M8-1.25×30 or M8×30). [citation needed] Tolerance classes defined in ISO 965-1 can be appended to these designations, if required (e.g. M500– 6g in external threads). External threads are designated by lowercase letter, g or h.
Tap-end studs have threads at extreme ends of the body with unequal thread engagement length, while double-end stud bolts have equal thread length at both ends. Apart from these, there are stud bolts for flanges , which are fully threaded studs with chamfered ends, and double-end studs with reduced shank for special bolting applications.
Square threads are defined as follows by ISO standards: . where Sq designates a square thread, 60 is the nominal diameter in millimeters, and 9 is the pitch in millimeters. When there is no suffix it is a single start thread.
In the modern standard metric version, it is simply a size number, where listed diameter size is the major outer diameter of the external thread. For a taper thread, it is the diameter at the "gauge length" (plus/minus one thread pitch) from the small end of the thread.