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Countercurrent distribution, therefore, is a method of using a series of vessels (separatory funnels) to separate compounds by a sequence of liquid-liquid extraction operations. Contrary to liquid-liquid extraction, in the CCD instruments the upper phase is decanted from the lower phase once the phases have settled.
A high-performance countercurrent chromatography system. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also counter-current chromatography) is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by inertia of the molecules composing the stationary phase accelerating toward the center of a centrifuge due to centripetal force [1] and is used to separate ...
A comparison between the operations and effects of a cocurrent and a countercurrent flow exchange system is depicted by the upper and lower diagrams respectively. In both it is assumed (and indicated) that red has a higher value (e.g. of temperature) than blue and that the property being transported in the channels therefore flows from red to blue.
Countercurrent chromatography usually uses a planetary gear motion without rotary seals, while centrifugal partition chromatography uses circular rotation with rotary seals for liquid connection. CCC has interchanging mixing and settling zones in the coil tube, so atomization, extraction and settling are time and zone separated.
Droplet countercurrent chromatography (DCCC or DCC) was introduced in 1970 by Tanimura, Pisano, Ito, and Bowman. [1] DCCC is considered to be a form of liquid-liquid separation, which includes countercurrent distribution and countercurrent chromatography, that employs a liquid stationary phase held in a collection of vertical glass columns connected in series.
The number of stages needed in each section of the process would depend on process design requirements (necessary extraction factor). In the case in Fig. 6, four interconnected stages provide a continuous process in which the first stage is a decanting stage. The next two stages show a counter current extraction.
Periodic counter-current chromatography (PCC) is a method for running affinity chromatography in a quasi-continuous manner. Today, the process is mainly employed for the purification of antibodies in the biopharmaceutical industry [ 1 ] as well as in research and development.
4 stage battery of mixer-settlers for counter-current extraction. Industrial mixer settlers are commonly used in the copper, nickel, uranium, lanthanide, and cobalt hydrometallurgy industries, when solvent extraction processes are applied. They are also used in the Nuclear reprocessing field to separate and purify primarily Uranium and ...