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Aplastic anemia is a rare, noncancerous disorder in which the blood marrow is unable to adequately produce blood cells required for survival. [44] [45] It is estimated that the incidence of aplastic anemia is 0.7–4.1 cases per million people worldwide, with the prevalence between men and women being approximately equal. [46]
While acquired aplastic anemia with an unknown cause is rare, it is commonly permanent and life-threatening as half of those with this condition die within the first six months. [10] The prevalence of bone marrow failure is over three times higher in Japan and East Asia than in the United States and Europe. [10]
Other pre-existing bone-marrow disorders such as acquired aplastic anemia following immunosuppressive treatment and Fanconi anemia can evolve into MDS. [15] MDS is thought to arise from mutations in the multipotent bone-marrow stem cell, but the specific defects responsible for these diseases remain poorly understood.
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) or erythroblastopenia refers to a type of aplastic anemia affecting the precursors to red blood cells but usually not to white blood cells. In PRCA, the bone marrow ceases to produce red blood cells. There are multiple etiologies that can cause PRCA. The condition has been first described by Paul Kaznelson in 1922. [1]
Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) is a rare autosomal recessive bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by severe thrombocytopenia, which can progress to aplastic anemia and leukemia. [4] CAMT usually manifests as thrombocytopenia in the initial month of life or in the fetal phase.
With isolated reticulocytopenia, the main cause is Parvovirus B19 infection of reticulocytes leading to transient anemia. [2] In patients who rely on frequent red cell regeneration e.g. sickle cell disease, a reticulocytopenia can lead to a severe anemia due to the cessation in red cell production (erythropoiesis), referred to as aplastic ...
Aplastic anemia [35] affects all kinds of blood cells. Fanconi anemia is a hereditary disorder or defect featuring aplastic anemia and various other abnormalities. Anemia of kidney failure [35] due to insufficient production of the hormone erythropoietin; Anemia of endocrine disease [36] Disturbance of proliferation and maturation of erythroblasts
Aplastic anemia patients present with symptoms related to a decrease in hematopoietic cell production in the bone marrow. The onset is gradual, and the first symptom is frequently anemia or bleeding, though a high temperature or infections may be present at the onset. The following are examples of specific manifestations: [12]
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