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The Ramsey problem, or Ramsey pricing, or Ramsey–Boiteux pricing, is a second-best policy problem concerning what prices a public monopoly should charge for the various products it sells in order to maximize social welfare (the sum of producer and consumer surplus) while earning enough revenue to cover its fixed costs.
A natural monopoly is a monopoly in an industry in which high infrastructural costs and other barriers to entry relative to the size of the market give the largest supplier in an industry, often the first supplier in a market, an overwhelming advantage over potential competitors. Specifically, an industry is a natural monopoly if the total cost ...
The consumers' price will be equal to the producers' price plus the cost of the tax. Since consumers will buy less at the higher consumer price (Pc) and producers will sell less at a lower producer price (Pp), the quantity sold will fall from Qe to Qt. Diagram illustrating taxes effect
The consumer's surplus is highest at the largest number of units for which, even for the last unit, the maximum willingness to pay is not below the market price. Consumer surplus can be used as a measurement of social welfare, shown by Robert Willig. [8] For a single price change, consumer surplus can provide an approximation of changes in welfare.
Notably, in 2018, the UK Government introduced a form of price cap regulation through a new cap for gas and electricity customers on standard variable tariffs. [3] In August 2022, the energy price cap was raised to £3,549 which would have pushed 8.2 million people into fuel poverty in October 2022 until March 2023.
Imperfect market structures such as monopoly, monopsony, oligopoly, oligopsony, and monopolistic competition. Factor allocation inefficiencies in production theory basics. Externalities. Asymmetric information, including principal–agent problems. Long run declining average costs in a natural monopoly. Taxes and tariffs.
The regulatory price can be viewed as a focal point, which is natural for both parties to charge. One research paper documenting the phenomenon is Knittel and Stangel, [ 4 ] which found that in the 1980s United States, states that fixed an interest rate ceiling of 18 percent had firms charging a rate only slightly below the ceiling.
This means that the amount of consumer surplus, the area below the demand curve and above the price, will be lower. [4] The change in overall social surplus of the market depends on whether the increase in producer surplus due to lower production costs is larger or smaller than the fall in consumer surplus due to higher prices. Note that it is ...