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Byzantine Iconoclasm, Chludov Psalter, 9th century. [10]Christian worship by the sixth century had developed a clear belief in the intercession of saints. This belief was also influenced by a concept of hierarchy of sanctity, with the Trinity at its pinnacle, followed by the Virgin Mary, referred to in Greek as the Theotokos ("birth-giver of God") or Meter Theou ("Mother of God"), the saints ...
Despite the teaching about icons defined at the Seventh Ecumenical Council in 787, the iconoclasts began to trouble the Church again. After the death of the last iconoclast emperor, Theophilos, his young son Michael III, with his mother the regent Theodora, and Patriarch Methodios, summoned the Synod of Constantinople in 843 to bring peace to the Church.
Iconoclasm (from Greek: εἰκών, eikṓn, 'figure, icon' + κλάω, kláō, 'to break') [i] is the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons.
Hagia Sophia, [a] officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque, [b] is a mosque and former church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey.The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by the Eastern Roman Empire, it was completed in AD 537, becoming the world's largest interior space and among the first to employ a fully pendentive dome.
Sixth Session (7 October 787) – The definition of the pseudo-Seventh council (754) and a long refutation of the same (probably by Tarasius) were read. Seventh Session (13 October 787) – The council issued a declaration of faith concerning the veneration of holy images. Hagia Sophia of Nicaea, where the Council took place; Iznik, Turkey.
In the Church of Hagia Sophia, the people recited the Synodikon of Orthodoxy, a short profession of the validity of icon veneration which was authored by Patriarch Methodios. [8] This profession of faith is still recited today in the Eastern Orthodox Church on the first Sunday of Great Lent, called the Sunday of Orthodoxy . [ 15 ]
Churches throughout the empire, and especially the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, were redecorated with some of the finest examples of Byzantine art ever created. For instance, the monasteries at Hosios Loukas , Daphni , and Nea Moni of Chios have all been recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, [ 16 ] and they contain some of the most ...
A new patriarch, Theodotos, was selected, and in April a synod was convened in Hagia Sophia, at which iconoclasm was re-introduced as dogma. Theodore composed a series of letters in which he called on "all, near and far," to revolt against the decision of the synod.