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  2. Dictionary attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_attack

    A dictionary attack is based on trying all the strings in a pre-arranged listing. Such attacks originally used words found in a dictionary (hence the phrase dictionary attack); [2] however, now there are much larger lists available on the open Internet containing hundreds of millions of passwords recovered from past data breaches. [3]

  3. John the Ripper - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Ripper

    One of the modes John can use is the dictionary attack. [6] It takes text string samples (usually from a file, called a wordlist, containing words found in a dictionary or real passwords cracked before), encrypting it in the same format as the password being examined (including both the encryption algorithm and key), and comparing the output to the encrypted string.

  4. Hash function security summary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function_security_summary

    Hash function Security claim Best attack Publish date Comment MD5: 2 64: 2 18 time : 2013-03-25 This attack takes seconds on a regular PC. Two-block collisions in 2 18, single-block collisions in 2 41.

  5. Cryptographic hash function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function

    MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function, MD4, and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321. Collisions against MD5 can be calculated within seconds, which makes the algorithm unsuitable for most use cases where a cryptographic hash is required. MD5 produces a digest of 128 bits (16 bytes).

  6. Preimage attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimage_attack

    By definition, an ideal hash function is such that the fastest way to compute a first or second preimage is through a brute-force attack. For an n-bit hash, this attack has a time complexity 2 n, which is considered too high for a typical output size of n = 128 bits. If such complexity is the best that can be achieved by an adversary, then the ...

  7. MD5 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5

    The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, [3] and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321. MD5 can be used as a checksum to verify data integrity against unintentional corruption.

  8. Key stretching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_stretching

    Key stretching also improves security in some real-world applications where the key length has been constrained, by mimicking a longer key length from the perspective of a brute-force attacker. [1] There are several ways to perform key stretching. One way is to apply a cryptographic hash function or a block cipher repeatedly in a loop.

  9. Collision attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_attack

    Due to the birthday problem, these attacks are much faster than a brute force would be. A hash of n bits can be broken in 2 n /2 time steps (evaluations of the hash function). Mathematically stated, a collision attack finds two different messages m1 and m2 , such that hash(m1) = hash(m2) .