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Vitamin B 12 is absorbed by a B 12-specific transport proteins or via passive diffusion. [12] Transport-mediated absorption and tissue delivery is a complex process involving three transport proteins: haptocorrin (HC), intrinsic factor (IF) and transcobalamin II (TC2), and respective membrane receptor proteins. HC is present in saliva.
It primarily serves to protect cobalamin (Vitamin B12) from acid degradation in the stomach by producing a HC-Vitamin B 12 complex. Once the complex has traveled to the more pH-neutral duodenum, pancreatic proteases degrade haptocorrin, releasing free cobalamin, which now binds to intrinsic factor for absorption by ileal enterocytes.
The same cells in the stomach that produce gastric hydrochloric acid, the parietal cells, also produce a molecule called the intrinsic factor (IF), which binds the B 12 after its release from haptocorrin by digestion, and without which only 1% of vitamin B 12 is absorbed. Intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein, with a molecular weight of 45 kDa.
However, in people who have the autoimmune disease pernicious anemia, antibodies bind to the intrinsic factor, keeping it from attaching to the B12 and allowing it to be absorbed. Malabsorption
Because vitamin B 12 absorption is a multistep process that involves the stomach, pancreas and small intestine, and is mediated by two carriers: Haptocorrin and intrinsic factor, and because Haptocorrin (transcobalamin I) binds to vitamin B 12, and Vitamin B 12 is acid-sensitive, when vitamin B 12 binds to Haptocorrin it can safely pass through ...
While lower levels of vitamin B12 are associated with higher BMI and body fat, taking vitamin B12 supplements didn’t change body composition over the long term. More research is needed on the ...
These editor-approved b12 supplements are third-party tested and certified and can help improve vitamin B12 levels in the body for optimal nutrition. Kick Vitamin B12 Deficiency to the Curb With ...
Impaired absorption can also result from blind loop syndrome where an overpopulation of bacteria in the small intestine absorb the vitamin. [127] B 12 deficiency caused by Helicobacter pylori was positively correlated with CagA positivity and gastric inflammatory activity, rather than gastric atrophy. [131]
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