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2. Predictive modelling - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_modelling

   Predictive modelling uses statistics to predict outcomes. [1] Most often the event one wants to predict is in the future, but predictive modelling can be applied to any type of unknown event, regardless of when it occurred. For example, predictive models are often used to detect crimes and identify suspects, after the crime has taken place. [2]

3. Standards-based assessment - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards-based_assessment

   The purpose of standards-based assessment [5] is to connect evidence of learning to learning outcomes (the standards). When standards are explicit and clear, the learner becomes aware of their achievement with reference to the standards, and the teacher may use assessment data to give meaningful feedback to students about this progress.

4. Multiple comparisons problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons_problem

   The following table defines the possible outcomes when testing multiple null hypotheses. Suppose we have a number m of null hypotheses, denoted by: H 1, H 2, ..., H m. Using a statistical test, we reject the null hypothesis if the test is declared significant. We do not reject the null hypothesis if the test is non-significant.

5. Coefficient of determination - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination

   Ordinary least squares regression of Okun's law.Since the regression line does not miss any of the points by very much, the R 2 of the regression is relatively high.. In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted R 2 or r 2 and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s).

6. Uncertainty quantification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_quantification

   Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known.

7. Mathematical model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model

   This practice is referred to as cross-validation in statistics. Defining a metric to measure distances between observed and predicted data is a useful tool for assessing model fit. In statistics, decision theory, and some economic models , a loss function plays a similar role.