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The reagent is an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate. Reaction with double or triple bonds (R 2 C=CR 2 or R−C≡C−R) causes the color to fade from purplish-pink to brown. Aldehydes and formic acid (and formates) also give a positive test. [43] The test is antiquated. Baeyer's reagent reaction
The chemical chameleon reaction shows the process in reverse, by reducing violet potassium permanganate first to green potassium manganate and eventually to brown manganese dioxide: [1] [2] [5] KMnO 4 (violet) → K 2 MnO 4 (green) → MnO 2 (brown/yellow suspension) Blue potassium hypomanganate may also form as an intermediate. [6]
Potassium permanganate will decompose into potassium manganate, manganese dioxide and oxygen gas: 2 KMnO 4 → K 2 MnO 4 + MnO 2 + O 2. This reaction is a laboratory method to prepare oxygen, but produces samples of potassium manganate contaminated with MnO 2. The former is soluble and the latter is not.
The basic chemical reaction involved in the Hummers' method is the oxidation of graphite, introducing molecules of oxygen to the pure carbon graphene. The reaction occurs between the graphene and the concentrated sulfuric acid with the potassium permanganate and sodium nitrate acting as catalysts.
Ammonium permanganate was first prepared by Eilhard Mitscherlich in 1824 by reaction of silver permanganate with equal molar amount of ammonium chloride, filtering the silver chloride and evaporating the water. AgMnO 4 + NH 4 Cl → AgCl + NH 4 MnO 4. It can also be prepared in a similar way from potassium permanganate and ammonium chloride.
The biggest difference between the two chemicals is that potassium permanganate is less soluble than sodium permanganate. [5] Potassium permanganate is a crystalline solid that is typically dissolved in water before application to the contaminated site. [3] Unfortunately, the solubility of potassium permanganate is dependent on temperature.
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The white smoke-like vapor produced by the reaction is a mixture of carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. Since the reaction is highly exothermic, initial sparking occurs, followed by a lilac- or pink-colored flame. [9] When energy or heat is added to electrons, their energy level increases to an excited state.