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Group theory has three main historical sources: number theory, the theory of algebraic equations, and geometry.The number-theoretic strand was begun by Leonhard Euler, and developed by Gauss's work on modular arithmetic and additive and multiplicative groups related to quadratic fields.
A sliding puzzle, sliding block puzzle, or sliding tile puzzle is a combination puzzle that challenges a player to slide (frequently flat) pieces along certain routes (usually on a board) to establish a certain end-configuration. The pieces to be moved may consist of simple shapes, or they may be imprinted with colours, patterns, sections of a ...
A minimal puzzle is a proper puzzle from which no clue can be removed without introducing additional solutions. Solving Sudokus from the viewpoint of a player has been explored in Denis Berthier's book "The Hidden Logic of Sudoku" (2007) [ 7 ] which considers strategies such as "hidden xy-chains".
I: Mon→Grp is the functor sending every monoid to the submonoid of invertible elements and K: Mon→Grp the functor sending every monoid to the Grothendieck group of that monoid. The forgetful functor U: Grp → Set has a left adjoint given by the composite KF: Set → Mon → Grp , where F is the free functor ; this functor assigns to every ...
Pocket cube with one layer partially turned. The group theory of the 3×3×3 cube can be transferred to the 2×2×2 cube. [3] The elements of the group are typically the moves of that can be executed on the cube (both individual rotations of layers and composite moves from several rotations) and the group operator is a concatenation of the moves.
In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups.The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms.
Diversions that clarify group theory, particularly by the weaving of braids: 1960 Jan: A fanciful dialogue about the wonders of numerology: 1960 Feb: A fifth collection of "brain-teasers" 1960 Mar: The games and puzzles of Lewis Carroll: 1960 Apr: About mathematical games that are played on boards: 1960 May: Reflections on the packing of ...
Common knowledge is a special kind of knowledge for a group of agents. There is common knowledge of p in a group of agents G when all the agents in G know p, they all know that they know p, they all know that they all know that they know p, and so on ad infinitum. [1] It can be denoted as .