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Net global warming potential, GWP, over a 100-year time horizon (normalized to be 1 for R-744, carbon dioxide) Occupational exposure limit / permissible exposure limit in parts per million (volume per volume) over a time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for a normal eight-hour work day and a 40-hour work week
From 2011 the European Union started to phase out refrigerants with a global warming potential (GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100-year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO 2) such as the refrigerant HFC-134a (known as R-134a in North America) which has a GWP of 1526. [50]
Refrigerants are typically evaluated on both their global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depletion potential (ODP).The GWP scale is standardized to carbon dioxide, where the refrigerant's value is the multiple of the heat that would be absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide over a period of time. [11]
Ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide also have a low GWP. As of 2023 smaller CO 2 heat pumps are not widely available and research and development of them continues. [75] A 2024 report said that refrigerants with GWP are vulnerable to further international restrictions. [76]
The Spittelau incineration plant is one of several plants that provide district heating in Vienna, Austria. Animated image showing how district heating works. District heating (also known as heat networks) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location through a system of insulated pipes for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water ...
R-410A, for example, is often substituted, but has a GWP of 2088. Another substitute is R-404A with a GWP of 3900. Other substitute refrigerants are available with low GWP. Ammonia (R-717), with a GWP of <1, remains a popular substitute on fishing vessels and large industrial applications. Ammonia's toxicity in high concentrations limit its ...
The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with trichlorofluoromethane (R-11 or CFC-11) being fixed at an ODP of 1.0.
HFO refrigerants are categorized as having zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP) and so offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants.