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  2. Russell's teapot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell's_teapot

    Russell's teapot is an analogy, formulated by the philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), to illustrate that the philosophic burden of proof lies upon a person making empirically unfalsifiable claims, as opposed to shifting the burden of disproof to others. Russell specifically applied his analogy in the context of religion. [1]

  3. Copleston–Russell debate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copleston–Russell_debate

    The Copleston–Russell debate is an exchange concerning the existence of God between Frederick Copleston and Bertrand Russell broadcast on the BBC Third Programme on 28 January 1948 and again in April 1959. [1] [2] The debate centers on two points: the metaphysical and moral arguments for the existence of God. [3]

  4. Cosmological argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument

    A cosmological argument can also sometimes be referred to as an argument from universal causation, an argument from first cause, the causal argument or the prime mover argument. The concept of causation is a principal underpinning idea in all cosmological arguments, particularly in affirming the necessity for a First Cause .

  5. Philosophical views of Bertrand Russell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_views_of...

    Russell then discovered that Gottlob Frege had independently arrived at equivalent definitions for 0, successor, and number, and the definition of number is now usually referred to as the Frege-Russell definition. [11] Russell drew attention to Frege's priority in 1903, when he published The Principles of Mathematics (see below). [12]

  6. Masked-man fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked-man_fallacy

    In philosophical logic, the masked-man fallacy (also known as the intensional fallacy or epistemic fallacy) [1] is committed when one makes an illicit use of Leibniz's law in an argument. Leibniz's law states that if A and B are the same object, then A and B are indiscernible (that is, they have all the same properties).

  7. Axiom of reducibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_reducibility

    [24] So given such an attitude, it is no surprise that Russell's theory of types comes under criticism: 3.33 In logical syntax the meaning of a sign ought never to play a role; it must admit of being established without mention being thereby made of the meaning of a sign; it ought to presuppose only the description of the expressions.

  8. Fallibilism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallibilism

    Infinite regress, also represented within the regress argument, is closely related to the problem of the criterion and is a constituent of the Münchhausen trilemma. Illustrious examples regarding infinite regress are the cosmological argument, turtles all the way down, and the simulation hypothesis. Many philosophers struggle with the ...

  9. Kalam cosmological argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument

    William Lane Craig (born 1949), who revived the Kalam cosmological argument during the 20th and 21st centuries. The Kalam cosmological argument is a modern formulation of the cosmological argument for the existence of God. It is named after the Kalam (medieval Islamic scholasticism) from which many of its key ideas originated. [1]