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In engineering, the Moody chart or Moody diagram (also Stanton diagram) is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f D, Reynolds number Re, and surface roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used to predict pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.
The equation was derived by Kozeny (1927) [1] and Carman (1937, 1956) [2] [3] [4] from a starting point of (a) modelling fluid flow in a packed bed as laminar fluid flow in a collection of curving passages/tubes crossing the packed bed and (b) Poiseuille's law describing laminar fluid flow in straight, circular section pipes.
In a fluid at rest, there exists a force, known as pressure, that acts upon the fluid's surroundings. This pressure, measured in N/m 2, is not constant throughout the body of fluid. Pressure, p, in a given body of fluid, increases with an increase in depth. Where the upward force on a body acts on the base and can be found by the equation:
Double pipe heat exchanger Fixed straight tubes heat exchanger: U-shaped tubes heat exchanger Spiral heat exchanger Covered gas vent Curved gas vent Air filter: Funnel or tundish: Steam trap: Viewing glass Pressure reducing valve: Valve: Gate valve: Control valve: Manual valve Check valve: Needle valve: Butterfly valve: Diaphragm valve: Ball ...
where the pressure loss per unit length Δp / L (SI units: Pa/m) is a function of: , the density of the fluid (kg/m 3);, the hydraulic diameter of the pipe (for a pipe of circular section, this equals D; otherwise D H = 4A/P for a pipe of cross-sectional area A and perimeter P) (m);
For velocities and pipe diameters above a threshold, actual fluid flow is not laminar but turbulent, leading to larger pressure drops than calculated by the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. Poiseuille's equation describes the pressure drop due to the viscosity of the fluid; other types of pressure drops may still occur in a fluid (see a ...
The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship that relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [ 1 ] such as fire sprinkler systems , [ 2 ] water supply networks , and irrigation systems.
Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...