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Speedball, powerball, or over and under [1] is the polydrug mixture of a stimulant with a depressant, usually an opioid.The most well-known mixture used for recreational drug use is that of cocaine and heroin; however, amphetamines can also be mixed with morphine and/or fentanyl.
Amphetamine is a weak base with a pK a of 9.9; [3] consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its lipid soluble free base form, and more is absorbed through the lipid-rich cell membranes of the gut epithelium. [3] [29] Conversely, an acidic pH means the drug is predominantly in a water-soluble cationic (salt) form, and less is ...
ATS when used illicitly has street names including ice, meth, crystal, crank, bennies, and speed. Within the group of amphetamine-type stimulants, there are also prescription drugs including mixed amphetamine salts, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazar Edeleano.
Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist, Lazăr Edeleanu, who named the drug phenylisopropylamine. [4] [3] [18] [2] This concoction was one of a series of compounds related to the plant derivative ephedrine, which had been isolated from the Chinese ephedra plant that same year by Nagai Nagayoshi. [6]
In most countries, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal. MDA is rarely sought as a recreational drug compared to other amphetamines; however, it remains widely used due to it being a primary metabolite, [2] the product of hepatic N-dealkylation, [3] of MDMA. It is also a common adulterant of illicitly ...
Drugs in the class of amphetamines, or substituted amphetamines, are known to induce "amphetamine psychosis" typically when chronically abused or used in high doses. [8] In an Australian study of 309 active methamphetamine users, 18% had experienced a clinical level psychosis in the past year. [9]
Dexamyl (or Drinamyl in the UK) was the brand name of a combination drug composed of amobarbital (previously called amylbarbitone) and dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) within the same pill.
Phenmetrazine was first patented in Germany in 1952 by Boehringer-Ingelheim, [2] [3] with some pharmacological data published in 1954. [4] It was the result of a search by Thomä and Wick for an anorectic drug without the side-effects of amphetamine. [5]