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Californium-252 production diagram. Californium-252 (Cf-252, 252 Cf) undergoes spontaneous fission with a branching ratio of 3.09% and is used in small neutron sources. Fission neutrons have an energy range of 0 to 13 MeV with a mean value of 2.3 MeV and a most probable value of 1 MeV. [11]
252 Cf is a very strong neutron emitter, which makes it extremely radioactive and harmful. [24] [25] [26] 252 Cf, 96.9% of the time, alpha decays to curium-248; the other 3.1% of decays are spontaneous fission. [11] One microgram (μg) of 252 Cf emits 2.3 million neutrons per second, an average of 3.7 neutrons per spontaneous fission. [27]
Decay scheme of 60 Co. These relations can be quite complicated; a simple case is shown here: the decay scheme of the radioactive cobalt isotope cobalt-60. [1] 60 Co decays by emitting an electron with a half-life of 5.272 years into an excited state of 60 Ni, which then decays very fast to the ground state of 60 Ni, via two gamma decays.
Some isotopes undergo spontaneous fission (SF) with emission of neutrons.The most common spontaneous fission source is the isotope californium-252. 252 Cf and all other SF neutron sources are made by irradiating uranium or a transuranic element in a nuclear reactor, where neutrons are absorbed in the starting material and its subsequent reaction products, transmuting the starting material into ...
251 Cf 252 Es 253 Fm 254 Md 255 No 256 Lr 257 Rf 154 250 Cm 251 Bk ... An example of free Universal Nuclide Chart with decay information for over 3000 nuclides is ...
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Rather than relying solely on a large amount of californium for neutrons, the multiplier effect of 3.5 pounds of uranium initiated by only a few milligrams of 252 Cf provided a higher ultimate neutron flux at a lower cost. The CFX was designed by IRT Corporation, [1] with two devices manufactured.
U-232 hazards, a result of its highly radioactive decay products such as thallium-208, are significant even at 5 parts per million. Implosion nuclear weapons require U-232 levels below 50 PPM (above which the U-233 is considered "low grade"; cf. "Standard weapon grade plutonium requires a Pu-240 content of no more than 6.5%."