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Electrochemistry also has important applications in the food industry, like the assessment of food/package interactions, [36] the analysis of milk composition, [37] the characterization and the determination of the freezing end-point of ice-cream mixes, or the determination of free acidity in olive oil.
A well-known electrosynthesis is the Kolbe electrolysis, in which two carboxylic acids decarboxylate, and the remaining structures bond together:; A variation is called the non-Kolbe reaction when a heteroatom (nitrogen or oxygen) is present at the α-position.
Potentiometry passively measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes, affecting the solution very little in the process. One electrode is called the reference electrode and has a constant potential, while the other one is an indicator electrode whose potential changes with the sample's composition.
Example of a reduction–oxidation reaction between sodium and chlorine, with the OIL RIG mnemonic [1]. Electron transfer (ET) occurs when an electron relocates from an atom, ion, or molecule, to another such chemical entity.
The term typically applies in electrochemistry, when electrical energy in the form of an applied voltage is used to modulate the thermodynamic favorability of a chemical reaction. In a battery, an electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions balances the reaction energy of the electrodes.
Bipolar electrochemistry scheme. In electrochemistry, standard electrode potential, or , is a measure of the reducing power of any element or compound.The IUPAC "Gold Book" defines it as; "the value of the standard emf (electromotive force) of a cell in which molecular hydrogen under standard pressure is oxidized to solvated protons at the left-hand electrode".
Electrochemical engineering is the branch of chemical engineering dealing with the technological applications of electrochemical phenomena, such as electrosynthesis of chemicals, electrowinning and refining of metals, flow batteries and fuel cells, surface modification by electrodeposition, electrochemical separations and corrosion.
In analytical electrochemistry, coulometry is the measure of charge transfer during an electrochemical redox reaction. [1] It can be used for precision measurements of charge, but coulometry is mainly used for analytical applications to determine the amount of matter transformed. [2] There are two main categories of coulometric techniques.