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Ukok Plateau, one of the last remnants of the mammoth steppe [1]. The mammoth steppe, also known as steppe-tundra, was once the Earth's most extensive biome.During glacial periods in the later Pleistocene it stretched east-to-west, from the Iberian Peninsula in the west of Europe, then across Eurasia and through Beringia (the region including the far northeast of Siberia, Alaska and the now ...
Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges, grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The ecotone (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. [2]
Steppe societies placed a premium on the value of young males, as shown by their harsh treatment of older people. [20] The Alans held their elderly in low regard, and the Saka customarily executed people once they were too old to work. [20] The Xiongnu often withheld food from older people during times of need or conflict. [20]
The Pannonian Plain is another steppe region in Central Europe, centered in Hungary but also including portions of Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria. Another large steppe area ( prairie ) is located in the central United States , western Canada and the northern part of Mexico .
Mammuthus trogontherii, sometimes called the steppe mammoth, is an extinct species of mammoth that ranged over most of northern Eurasia during the Early and Middle Pleistocene, approximately 1.7 million to 200,000 years ago. The evolution of the steppe mammoth marked the initial adaptation of the mammoth lineage towards cold environments, with ...
Animal species that are endangered in the tundra include the Arctic fox, caribou, and polar bears. These animals have been endangered due to overhunting, an infestation of disease, loss of diet and habitat due to climate change, and human destructive activities, such as searches for natural gas and oil, mining, and road building. [10]
The Solutrean people lived between a forest steppe and a steppe tundra. This area had the highest probability of containing human refugia during the LGM. [12] Parts of Italy and extending into Romania contained the Epi-Gravettian cultures. [13] About 5,000–130,000 people lived in Europe during the LGM. [14] [15]
The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome. It stretches through Hungary , Bulgaria , Romania , Moldova , Ukraine , southern Russia , Kazakhstan , Xinjiang , Mongolia and Manchuria , with one major exclave , the Pannonian ...