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US bromine production, 1930-2012. US production of bromine began on a small scale in 1846, at the salt works at Freeport, Pennsylvania. Production expanded greatly after 1867, when salt manufacturers along the Ohio River Valley of Ohio and West Virginia began recovering bromine from the bittern brine left over after salt evaporation. [6]
All the world's bromine production is derived from brine. The majority is recovered from Dead Sea brine at plants in Israel and Jordan, where bromine is a byproduct of potash recovery. Plants in the United States (see: Bromine production in the United States), China, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine, recover bromine from subsurface brines. In India ...
Where desired, free bromine may be obtained by thermal decomposition of ferrous bromide. [1] Before Dow entered the bromine business, brine was evaporated by heating with wood scraps and then crystallized sodium chloride was removed. An oxidizing agent was added, and bromine was formed in the solution. Then bromine was distilled.
In addition to being a petroleum reservoir, as of 2015, the brine from the Smackover Formation is the only source of commercial bromine in the United States. [4] A 2022 report estimated that the lithium brine in the formation has "sufficient lithium to produce enough batteries for 50 million electric vehicles."
Salt lakes and brine wells may have higher bromine concentrations: for example, the Dead Sea contains 0.4% bromide ions. [54] It is from these sources that bromine extraction is mostly economically feasible. [55] [56] [57] Bromine is the tenth most abundant element in seawater. [58] The main sources of bromine production are Israel and Jordan. [59]
Dow process (bromine), a method of bromine extraction from brine; Dow process (magnesium), a method of magnesium extraction from brine; Dow process (phenol), a method of phenol production through the hydrolysis of chlorobenzene
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Brine (or briny water) is water with a high-concentration solution of salt (typically sodium chloride or calcium chloride).In diverse contexts, brine may refer to the salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% (a typical concentration of seawater, on the lower end of that of solutions used for brining foods) up to about 26% (a typical saturated solution, depending on temperature).