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The tone contours of Mandarin Chinese. In the convention for Chinese, 1 is low and 5 is high. The corresponding tone letters are ˥, ˧˥, ˨˩˦, ˥˩.. A series of iconic tone letters based on a musical staff was devised by Yuen Ren Chao in the 1920s [2] by adding a reference stave to the existing convention of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Although tone diacritics and tone letters are presented as equivalent on the chart, "this was done only to simplify the layout of the chart. The two sets of symbols are not comparable in this way." [81] Using diacritics, a high tone is é and a low tone is è ; in tone letters, these are e˥ and e˩ .
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
Spacing Modifier Letters is a Unicode block containing characters for the IPA, UPA, and other phonetic transcriptions.Included are the IPA tone marks, and modifiers for aspiration and palatalization.
The first tone (flat or high-level tone) is represented by a macron ˉ added to the pinyin vowel: ā ē ê̄ ī ō ū ǖ Ā Ē Ê̄ Ī Ō Ū Ǖ; The second tone (rising or high-rising tone) is denoted by an acute accent ˊ : á é ế í ó ú ǘ Á É Ế Í Ó Ú Ǘ; The third tone (falling-rising or low tone) is marked by a caron ˇ :
In bopomofo, the mark for first tone is usually omitted but can be included, [19] [20] while a dot above indicates the fifth tone (also known as the neutral tone). In pinyin, a macron (overbar) indicates the first tone, and the lack of a marker usually indicates the fifth (light) tone.
95 characters; the 52 alphabet characters belong to the Latin script. The remaining 43 belong to the common script. The 33 characters classified as ASCII Punctuation & Symbols are also sometimes referred to as ASCII special characters. Often only these characters (and not other Unicode punctuation) are what is meant when an organization says a ...
Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words. [1] All oral languages use pitch to express emotional and other para-linguistic information and to convey emphasis, contrast and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously ...