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Enantiotopic groups are identical and indistinguishable except in chiral environments. For instance, the CH 2 hydrogens in ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) are normally enantiotopic, but can be made different (diastereotopic) if combined with a chiral center, for instance by conversion to an ester of a chiral carboxylic acid such as lactic acid, or if coordinated to a chiral metal center, or if ...
For two indistinguishable particles, a state before the particle exchange must be physically equivalent to the state after the exchange, so these two states differ at most by a complex phase factor. This fact suggests that a state for two indistinguishable (and non-interacting) particles is given by following two possibilities: [2] [3] [4]
Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure; that is, it is unknown whether they are composed of other particles. [1] They are the fundamental objects of quantum field theory. Many families and sub-families of elementary particles exist. Elementary particles are classified according to their spin.
Protons and neutrons, each with a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit, are jointly referred to as nucleons (particles present in atomic nuclei). One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom. They provide the attractive electrostatic central force which binds the atomic electrons.
The general method to find them is to detect their decay products, identify what particles they are, and measure their momenta. If all the decay products are found and measured correctly, then the mass of the parent particle may be calculated. As an example, a favored decay of the Λ + c is into a proton, a kaon and a pion.
Chad Duell is leaving General Hospital with a bang.. The Jan. 6 episode of the long-running soap opera marked the beginning of the 37-year-old actor's exit storyline when his character Michael ...
See today's average mortgage rates for a 30-year fixed mortgage, 15-year fixed, jumbo loans, refinance rates and more — including up-to-date rate news.
However, the prefixes can usefully describe the relative configuration of a compound that has the following properties: it has at least four C atoms, exactly two of those C atoms are stereocenters, the stereocenters are adjacent, and the two substituents on each stereocenter can clearly be labeled as "larger" (usually a heteroatom such as N, O ...