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Benoit B. Mandelbrot [a] [b] (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-born French-American mathematician and polymath with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as "the art of roughness" of physical phenomena and "the uncontrolled element in life".
The Mandelbrot set is widely considered the most popular fractal, [44] [45] and has been referenced several times in popular culture. The Jonathan Coulton song "Mandelbrot Set" is a tribute to both the fractal itself and to the man it is named after, Benoit Mandelbrot. [46]
According to Benoit Mandelbrot, "A fractal is by definition a set for which the Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension strictly exceeds the topological dimension." [1] Presented here is a list of fractals, ordered by increasing Hausdorff dimension, to illustrate what it means for a fractal to have a low or a high dimension.
The Fractal Geometry of Nature is a revised and enlarged version of his 1977 book entitled Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension, which in turn was a revised, enlarged, and translated version of his 1975 French book, Les Objets Fractals: Forme, Hasard et Dimension. American Scientist put the book in its one hundred books of 20th century science. [3]
Benoit Mandelbrot: Fractals and the Art of Roughness (Archived February 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine), TED, February 2010; Equations of self-similar fractal measure based on the fractional-order calculus（2007）
The terms fractal dimension and fractal were coined by Mandelbrot in 1975, [16] about a decade after he published his paper on self-similarity in the coastline of Britain. . Various historical authorities credit him with also synthesizing centuries of complicated theoretical mathematics and engineering work and applying them in a new way to study complex geometries that defied description in ...
The seven states of randomness in probability theory, fractals and risk analysis are extensions of the concept of randomness as modeled by the normal distribution. These seven states were first introduced by Benoît Mandelbrot in his 1997 book Fractals and Scaling in Finance, which applied fractal analysis to the study of risk and randomness. [1]
This results from the fractal curve-like properties of coastlines; i.e., the fact that a coastline typically has a fractal dimension. Although the "paradox of length" was previously noted by Hugo Steinhaus, [1] the first systematic study of this phenomenon was by Lewis Fry Richardson, [2] [3] and it was expanded upon by Benoit Mandelbrot. [4] [5]