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Hindu units of time are described in Hindu texts ranging from microseconds to trillions of years, including cycles of cosmic time that repeat general events in Hindu cosmology. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Time ( kāla ) is described as eternal. [ 3 ]
In Hinduism, a kalpa is equal to 4.32 billion years, a "day of Brahma" (12-hour day proper) or one thousand mahayugas, [4] measuring the duration of the world. Each kalpa is divided into 14 manvantara periods, each lasting 71 Yuga Cycles (306,720,000 years).
A dina (Sanskrit: दिन) is the time taken by the celestial sphere to complete one sidereal rotation around the Earth. [17] [note 7] In reality, this movement is caused by the diurnal rotation of the Earth on its axis. This definition is not used in practice but is required for defining the following smaller units of time.
As a traditional Hindu unit of time, one kālá corresponds to 144 seconds. According to Monier-Williams, kāla 2 is from the verbal root kal "to calculate", while the root of kāla 1 is uncertain, though possibly the same.
Hindu cosmology is the description of the universe and its states of matter, cycles within time, physical structure, and effects on living entities according to Hindu texts. Hindu cosmology is also intertwined with the idea of a creator who allows the world to exist and take shape.
Muhūrta (Sanskrit: मुहूर्त, romanized: muhūrtaṃ) [1] is a Hindu unit of time along with nimiṣa, kāṣṭhā, and kalā [2] in the Hindu calendar. In the Brāhmaṇas, muhūrta denotes a division of time: 1/30 of a day, or a period of 48 minutes. [3] An alternative meaning of "moment" is also common in the Brāhmanạs. [4]
Panchaanga in Kannada Tamil Vakya Panchangam. A panchāngam (Sanskrit: पञ्चाङ्गम्; IAST: pañcāṅgam) is a Hindu calendar and almanac, which follows traditional units of Hindu timekeeping, and presents important dates and their calculations in a tabulated form.
For most of India's history, ruling kingdoms kept their own local time, typically using the Hindu calendar in both lunar and solar units. [6] For example, the Jantar Mantar observatory built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh in Jaipur in 1733 contains large sundials , up to 27 m (90 ft) high, which were used to accurately determine the local time.