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Hegemonic masculinity is not completely dominant, however, as it only exists in relation to non-hegemonic, subordinated forms of masculinity. [9] The most salient example of this approach in contemporary European and American society is the dominance of heterosexual men and the subordination of homosexual men .
In a gender studies context, Raewyn Connell refers to toxic practices that may arise out of what she terms hegemonic masculinity, rather than essential traits. [9] Connell argues that such practices, such as physical violence, may serve to reinforce men's dominance over women in Western societies.
For example, television news departments are considered as extensions of a capitalistic economic order (Hall, 1979). The products of the media contain messages that convey the nature of society, the nature of relation of production within the media and the domain of institutions and social process (Golding, 1979).
Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, [1] and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors.
According to the hegemonic masculinity model of gender studies, men who demonstrate power, strength, bravery, fearlessness, virility, competitiveness etc.. can assert their (supposed) superiority over women and consolidate their general position of dominance over them (physically, intellectually, and sexually). [68]
Hegemonic masculinity is often reproduced and reinforced through media and culture. "Media representations of men…often glorify men's use of physical force, a daring demeanor, virility, and emotional distance." Contemporary rap music is a striking example of masculinity on display.
Adopted from the work of Gramsci and Stuart Hall, hegemony with respect to media studies refers to individuals or concepts that become most dominant in a culture. Building on Gramsci's ideas, Hall stated that the media is a critical institution for furthering or inhibiting hegemony. [94]
Hegemonic masculinity – Concept in gender studies; Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (1985), by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe; Herd behavior – Behavior of individuals acting in a group "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses" (1970), by Louis Althusser; Marxist cultural analysis – Anti-capitalist cultural critique