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GINA protects against genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment; however, there are circumstances of exception. For example, GINA does not protect individuals from genetic discrimination in life insurance, disability insurance, and long-term care or employees in companies with fewer than 15 individuals or in the military. [29]
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (Pub. L. 110–233 (text), 122 Stat. 881, enacted May 21, 2008, GINA / ˈ dʒ iː. n ə / JEE-nə), is an Act of Congress in the United States designed to prohibit some types of genetic discrimination.
Currently, legislation pertaining to the use of genetic information and genetic discrimination at the state level varies by state. The first state laws regarding genetic information were typically designed to prohibit genetic discrimination, including prohibiting employers from demanding workers and applicants to provide genetic information as a condition of their employment.
The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was an agreement among the 13 states of the United States, formerly the Thirteen Colonies, that served as the nation's first frame of government. It was debated by the Second Continental Congress at Independence Hall in Philadelphia between July 1776 and November 1777, and finalized by the ...
The Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (French: Loi sur la non-discrimination génétique) of 2017, also known as Bill S-201 during the 2nd Session of the 41st Parliament of Canada and the 1st Session of the 42nd Parliament of Canada, originated in a Private Member's Bill. [1] [2] It was introduced by Senators James Cowan [3] and Jennifer O'Connell ...
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union whose Article 21 prohibits all discrimination including on basis of disability, age and sexual orientation Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions
The Genetic Discrimination Observatory (GDO) is a Montreal-based international network of researchers and other stakeholders who support the research and prevention of genetic discrimination (GD)—discrimination based on genetics or other predictive health information.
Editors of Nature Genetics say that "[they] hope that this will raise awareness and inspire more rigorous designs of genetic and epidemiological studies". [ 101 ] A 2021 study that examined over 11,000 papers from 1949 to 2018 in The American Journal of Human Genetics , found that "race" was used in only 5% of papers published in the last ...