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  2. X-ray optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_optics

    X-ray optics is the branch of optics dealing with X-rays, rather than visible light.It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and X-ray astronomy.

  3. Lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens

    A diagram of imaging with a single thick lens imaging. H 1 and H 2 are principal points where principal planes of the thick lens cross the optical axis. If the object and image spaces are the same medium, then these points are also nodal points. A camera lens forms a real image of a distant object.

  4. Flat lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_lens

    A flat lens is a lens whose flat shape allows it to provide distortion-free imaging, potentially with arbitrarily-large apertures. [1] The term is also used to refer to other lenses that provide a negative index of refraction. [2] Flat lenses require a refractive index close to −1 over a broad angular range.

  5. Condenser (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(optics)

    As with objective lenses, a condenser lens with a maximum numerical aperture of greater than 0.95 is designed to be used under oil immersion (or, more rarely, under water immersion), with a layer of immersion oil placed in contact with both the slide/coverslip and the lens of the condenser. An oil immersion condenser may typically have NA of up ...

  6. Gradient-index optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient-index_optics

    The lens focuses light in the same way as a conventional lens. Gradient-index (GRIN) optics is the branch of optics covering optical effects produced by a gradient of the refractive index of a material. Such gradual variation can be used to produce lenses with flat surfaces, or lenses that do not have the aberrations typical of traditional ...

  7. Superlens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlens

    Therefore, a type of lens was proposed, consisting of a metal film metamaterial. When illuminated near its plasma frequency, the lens could be used for superresolution imaging that compensates for wave decay and reconstructs images in the near-field. In addition, both propagating and evanescent waves contribute to the resolution of the image.

  8. Panomorph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panomorph

    The origin of panomorph technology dates back to 1999 from a French company named ImmerVision [2] now headquartered in Montreal, Canada. Since the first panomorph lenses have been used in video surveillance applications in the early 2000s, panomorph lenses are an improvement on existing wide-angle lenses in a broad range of applications.

  9. Fresnel lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens

    There are two main types of Fresnel lens: imaging and non-imaging. Imaging Fresnel lenses use segments with curved cross-sections and produce sharp images, while non-imaging lenses have segments with flat cross-sections, and do not produce sharp images. [63] As the number of segments increases, the two types of lens become more similar to each ...

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