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Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, [1] [2] is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na + and hydroxide anions OH −. Sodium hydroxide is a highly corrosive base and alkali that decomposes lipids and proteins at ambient temperatures and may cause severe ...
Sodium hydroxide: Aqueous NaOH −469.15 Sodium hydroxide: Solid NaOH −425.93 Sodium hypochlorite: Solid NaOCl −347.1 Sodium nitrate: Aqueous NaNO 3: −446.2 Sodium nitrate: Solid NaNO 3: −424.8 Sodium oxide: Solid Na 2 O −414.2 Sulfur (monoclinic) Solid S 8: 0.3 Sulfur (rhombic) Solid S 8: 0 Hydrogen sulfide: Gas H 2 S −20.63 Sulfur ...
The process has a high energy consumption, for example around 2,500 kWh (9,000 MJ) of electricity per tonne of sodium hydroxide produced. Because the process yields equivalent amounts of chlorine and sodium hydroxide (two moles of sodium hydroxide per mole of chlorine), it is necessary to find a use for these products in the same proportion ...
The Castner–Kellner process is a method of electrolysis on an aqueous alkali chloride solution (usually sodium chloride solution) to produce the corresponding alkali hydroxide, [1] invented by American Hamilton Castner and Austrian Carl Kellner in the 1890s.
The Avogadro constant (symbol N A = N 0 /mol) has numerical multiplier given by the Avogadro number with the unit reciprocal mole (mol −1). [2] The ratio n = N / N A is a measure of the amount of substance (with the unit mole).
The hydroxide ion by itself is not a strong enough base, but it can be converted in one by adding sodium hydroxide to ethanol. OH − + EtOH ⇌ EtO − + H 2 O. to produce the ethoxide ion. The pK a for self-dissociation of ethanol is about 16, so the alkoxide ion is a strong enough base. [49]
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
The temperature is cooler at the bottom and hotter at the top so that the sodium hydroxide is solid in the neck (B) and liquid in the body of the vessel. Sodium metal forms at the cathode but is less dense than the fused sodium hydroxide electrolyte. Wire gauze (G) confines the sodium metal to accumulating at the top of the collection device (P ...