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  2. Powder metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_metallurgy

    Iron powder is commonly used for sintering. Powder metallurgy (PM) is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders.PM processes are sometimes used to reduce or eliminate the need for subtractive processes in manufacturing, lowering material losses and reducing the cost of the final product. [1]

  3. Cementation (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(metallurgy)

    Cementation of copper is a common example. Copper ions in solution, often from an ore leaching process, are precipitated out of solution in the presence of solid iron. The iron oxidizes, and the copper ions are reduced through the transfer of electrons. The reaction is spontaneous because copper is higher on the galvanic series than iron.

  4. Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-ferrous_extractive...

    The iron then reacts with the copper, displacing it from the sulfate ions, causing the copper to precipitate onto the iron sheets, forming a "wet" powder. Finally, the precipitated copper is collected and refined further through the traditional smelting process. This is the first large-scale use of a hydrometallurgical process. [16]

  5. Metal powder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_powder

    The following processes can be used to produce metal powder: [6] Direct reduction is the result of blending carbon with iron oxide ore, heating the mixture, removing the sponge iron from the carbon, grinding it, annealing it, and regrinding to make the powder form usable for manufacturing.

  6. Continuous casting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_casting

    Production rates and speeds: Twin-belt continuous casting rates range up to 60 tons per hour at speeds up to 14 meters per minute. Twin-belt continuous casting is a near net shape casting process, which significantly reduces the need for secondary rolling or forming operations. For example, when casting copper anode plate the cast slab is not ...

  7. Copper extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_extraction

    World copper production, 1900–2012. Peak copper is the point in time at which the maximum global copper production rate is reached. Since copper is a finite resource, at some point in the future new production from mining will diminish, and at some earlier time production will reach a maximum. When this will occur is a matter of dispute.

  8. Hydrometallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometallurgy

    Iron dissolves and copper metal is deposited. Solvent Extraction; Ion exchange; Gas reduction. Treating a solution of nickel and ammonia with hydrogen affords nickel metal as its powder. Electrowinning is a particularly selective if expensive electrolysis process applied to the isolation of precious metals. Gold can be electroplated from its ...

  9. Solvent extraction and electrowinning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_extraction_and...

    The copper is extracted from the solvent with strong aqueous acid which then deposits pure copper onto cathodes using an electrolytic procedure (electrowinning). SX/EW processing is best known for its use by the copper industry, where it accounts for 20% of worldwide production, but the technology is also successfully applied to a wide range of ...