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  2. Protein biosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis

    Most proteins are made of a single polypeptide chain, however, some proteins are composed of multiple polypeptide chains (known as subunits) which fold and interact to form the quaternary structure. Hence, the overall protein is a multi-subunit complex composed of multiple folded, polypeptide chain subunits e.g. haemoglobin .

  3. Phosgene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene

    In these conversions, phosgene is used in excess to increase yield and minimize side reactions. The phosgene excess is separated during the work-up of resulting end products and recycled into the process, with any remaining phosgene decomposed in water using activated carbon as the catalyst. Diisocyanates are precursors to polyurethanes. More ...

  4. Biosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis

    This article needs attention from an expert in biochemistry.The specific problem is: someone with a solid grasp of the full scope of this subject and of its secondary and advanced teaching literatures needs to address A, the clear structural issues of the article (e.g., general absence of catabolic biosynthetic pathways, insertion of macromolecule anabolic paths before all building blocks ...

  5. Protoporphyrin IX - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoporphyrin_IX

    Protoporphyrin IX is an important precursor to biologically essential prosthetic groups such as heme, cytochrome c, and chlorophylls. As a result, a number of organisms are able to synthesize this tetrapyrrole from basic precursors such as glycine and succinyl-CoA, or glutamic acid. Despite the wide range of organisms that synthesize ...

  6. Protein precursor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_precursor

    A protein precursor, also called a pro-protein or pro-peptide, is an inactive protein (or peptide) that can be turned into an active form by post-translational modification, such as breaking off a piece of the molecule or adding on another molecule. The name of the precursor for a protein is often prefixed by pro-.

  7. Essential gene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_gene

    In yeast, few of the essential genes are duplicated within the genome: 8.5% of the non-essential genes, but only 1% of the essential genes have a homologue in the yeast genome. [ 59 ] In the worm C. elegans , non-essential genes are highly over-represented among duplicates, possibly because duplication of essential genes causes overexpression ...

  8. Pentose phosphate pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway

    It generates NADPH and pentoses (five-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides. [1] While the pentose phosphate pathway does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. The pathway is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes).

  9. Amino acid synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis

    The biosynthesis of threonine is regulated via allosteric regulation of its precursor, homoserine, by structurally altering the enzyme homoserine dehydrogenase. This reaction occurs at a key branch point in the pathway, with the substrate homoserine serving as the precursor for the biosynthesis of lysine, methionine, threonin and isoleucine.