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Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was the first person known to self-identify as an anarchist, adopting the label in order to provoke those that took anarchy to mean disorder. [53] Proudhon was one of the first people to use the word "anarchy" (French: anarchie) in a positive sense, to mean a free society without government. [54]
The Principles of Anarchism (c. 1890s) by Lucy Parsons; The Soul of Man under Socialism (1891) by Oscar Wilde; The Conquest of Bread (1892) by Peter Kropotkin; Anarchy Defended by Anarchists (1896) by Emma Goldman and Johann Most (1914–1984) Anarchism: From Theory to Practice (1965) by Daniel Guérin (1985–present) Listen, Anarchist! (1987 ...
Contemporary anarchism, with its shift in focus from class-based oppression to all forms of oppression, began to address race-based oppression in earnest in the 1990s with Black anarchists Lorenzo Ervin and Kuwasi Balagoon, the journal Race Traitor, and movement-building organizations including Love and Rage, Anarchist People of Color, Black ...
Post-anarchism is a revision of classical anarchism sometimes through the influence of post-structuralists such as Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Lacan. [40] Post-anarchism is a contested term, with its prefix "post" referring to post-structuralism and/or postmodernism, which themselves are contested terms. [41]
Although traces of anarchist ideas are found all throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation.
In 1894, Richard T. Ely noted that anarchism had "already acquired a variety of meanings". In its most general sense, these included the view that society is "a living, growing organism, the laws of which are something different from the laws of individual action". [149] Anti-capitalism is considered a necessary element of anarchism by anarchists.
Black anarchism A political philosophy primarily of African-Americans, opposed to what it sees as the oppression of people of colour by the white ruling class through the power of the state. [7] Black bloc An affinity group, or cluster of affinity groups that assembles during protests, demonstrations, or other forms of direct action.