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Keras is an open-source library that provides a Python interface for artificial neural networks. Keras was first independent software, then integrated into the TensorFlow library, and later supporting more. "Keras 3 is a full rewrite of Keras [and can be used] as a low-level cross-framework language to develop custom components such as layers ...
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is popular in artificial intelligence. [1] It has a simple, flexible and easily readable syntax. [2] Its popularity results in a vast ecosystem of libraries, including for deep learning, such as PyTorch, TensorFlow, Keras, Google JAX.
Apache MXNet is an open-source deep learning software framework that trains and deploys deep neural networks. It aims to be scalable, allows fast model training, and supports a flexible programming model and multiple programming languages (including C++, Python, Java, Julia, MATLAB, JavaScript, Go, R, Scala, Perl, and Wolfram Language).
For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on utilizing neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning.The field takes inspiration from biological neuroscience and is centered around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data.
TensorFlow.nn is a module for executing primitive neural network operations on models. [40] Some of these operations include variations of convolutions (1/2/3D, Atrous, depthwise), activation functions ( Softmax , RELU , GELU, Sigmoid , etc.) and their variations, and other operations ( max-pooling , bias-add, etc.).
Torch is an open-source machine learning library, a scientific computing framework, and a scripting language based on Lua. [3] It provides LuaJIT interfaces to deep learning algorithms implemented in C. It was created by the Idiap Research Institute at EPFL. Torch development moved in 2017 to PyTorch, a port of the library to Python. [4] [5] [6]
Chainer was the first deep learning framework to introduce the define-by-run approach. [10] [11] The traditional procedure to train a network was in two phases: define the fixed connections between mathematical operations (such as matrix multiplication and nonlinear activations) in the network, and then run the actual training calculation. This ...