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[4] [5] [6] The brightness also depended on the concentration of salt in the water. [4] The switchboard built at Her Majesty's Theatre, London in 1897 had a dimmer scale of 0 to 10, whereas gas lighting only had 3 levels. [1] The salt water need to be refilled regularly, the metal electrodes corroded, and the dimmers emitted a strong smell.
When salt is added to the Bunsen burner, it dissociates to give sodium and chloride. The sodium atoms get excited due to photons from the sodium vapour lamp, with electrons excited from 3s to 3p states, absorbing light in the process. The sodium vapour lamp emits light at 589nm, which has precisely the energy to excite an electron of a sodium atom.
Early examples of a rheostat dimmer include a salt water dimmer, a kind of liquid rheostat; the liquid between a movable and fixed contact provided a variable resistance. The closer the contacts to each other, the more voltage was available for the light.
A liquid rheostat or water rheostat [1] or salt water rheostat is a type of variable resistor. This may be used as a dummy load or as a starting resistor for large slip ring motors. In the simplest form it consists of a tank containing brine or other electrolyte solution, in which electrodes are submerged to create an electrical load .
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
A steep density gradient in a body of water can have the effect of trapping energy and preventing convection, such a gradient is employed in solar ponds. In the case of salt water, sharp gradients can lead to stratification of different concentrations of salinity. This is called a Halocline. [4]
At 20 °C (68 °F) one liter of water can dissolve about 357 grams of salt, a concentration of 26.3 percent by weight (% w/w). At 100 °C (212 °F) (the boiling temperature of pure water), the amount of salt that can be dissolved in one liter of water increases to about 391 grams, a concentration of 28.1% w/w.
A 2012 study on efficiency from Yale University concluded that the highest extractable work in constant-pressure PRO with a seawater draw solution and river water feed solution is 0.75 kWh/m 3 (2.7 kJ/L) while the free energy of mixing is 0.81 kWh/m 3 (2.9 kJ/L) — a thermodynamic extraction efficiency of 91.0%.