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To calculate the volume magnetic susceptibility (χ) for a liquid sample, the equation would include the V term in the numerator and divide by the density (d) of the solution instead of the mass (m). [5] The accuracy of the measurement using these simple formulae can be influenced by the homogeneity of the sample packing.
Schematic diagram of Gouy balance. The Gouy balance, invented by the French physicist Louis Georges Gouy, is a device for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. . The Gouy balance operates on magnetic torque, by placing the sample on a horizontal arm or beam suspended by a thin fiber, and placing either a permanent magnet or electromagnet on the other end of the arm, there is a ...
The current is proportional to the magnetization of the sample - the greater the induced current, the greater the magnetization. As a result, typically a hysteresis curve will be recorded [5] and from there the magnetic properties of the sample can be deduced. The idea of vibrating sample came from D. O. Smith's [6] vibrating-coil magnetometer.
With a Faraday balance the sample is placed in a magnetic field of constant gradient, and weighed on a torsion balance. This method can yield information on magnetic anisotropy. [3] SQUID is a very sensitive magnetometer. For substances in solution NMR may be used to measure susceptibility. [4] [5]
The calibration curve that does not use the internal standard method ignores the uncertainty between measurements. The coefficient of determination (R 2) for this plot is 0.9985. In the calibration curve that uses the internal standard, the y-axis is the ratio of the nickel signal to the yttrium signal.
Operation of a scanning SQUID microscope consists of simply cooling down the probe and sample, and rastering the tip across the area where measurements are desired. As the change in voltage corresponding to the measured magnetic field is quite rapid, the strength of the bias magnetic field is typically controlled by feedback electronics.
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An extremely sharp tip coated with a thin layer of magnetic material is moved systematically over a sample. A voltage is applied between the tip and the sample allowing electrons to tunnel between the two, resulting in a current. In the absence of magnetic phenomena, the strength of this current is indicative for local electronic properties.