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The effects of lateral spreading (River Road in Christchurch following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake) Damage in Brooklands from the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, where buoyancy caused by soil liquefaction pushed up an underground service including this manhole. The effects of soil liquefaction on the built environment can be extremely damaging.
The effects of soil liquefaction, seen after 2011 Canterbury earthquake In geology , soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. [ 6 ]
This phenomenon of soil behaviour can be included in the Hardening Soil model by means of a dilatancy cut-off. In order to specify this behaviour, the initial void ratio, e i n i t {\displaystyle e_{init}} , and the maximum void ratio, e m a x {\displaystyle e_{max}} , of the material must be entered as general parameters.
There are various factors that affect soil temperature, such as water content, [84] soil color, [85] and relief (slope, orientation, and elevation), [86] and soil cover (shading and insulation), in addition to air temperature. [87] The color of the ground cover and its insulating properties have a strong influence on soil temperature. [88]
A second interaction effect, tied to mechanical properties of soil, is the sinking of foundations, worsened by a seismic event. This phenomenon is called soil liquefaction . Most of the civil engineering structures involve some type of structural element with direct contact with ground.
[1] [18] [20] [21] [22] The increase in shear strength, confined compressive strength, stiffness and liquefaction resistance was reported due to calcium carbonate precipitation resulting from microbial activity. [19] [20] [22] [24] The increase of soil strength from MICP is a result of the bonding of the grains and the increased density of the ...
By definition, pressure at a point is equal in all directions but stresses at a point can be different in different directions. In soil mechanics, compressive stresses and pressures are considered to be positive and tensile stresses are considered to be negative, which is different from the solid mechanics sign convention for stress.
The effect leads to a destabilization of the clay aggregates structure. In case of insufficient mechanical compaction of the clay layer, and with a shear stress, the weaker EDL compression by the salts in the quick clay results in clay particle repulsion and leads to their realignment in a structure that is weaker and unstable.