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Examples of epithelial dysplasia include cervical intraepithelial neoplasia – a disorder commonly detected by an abnormal pap smear) consisting of an increased population of immature (basal-like) cells which are restricted to the mucosal surface, and have not invaded through the basement membrane to the deeper soft tissues.
These cells are separated from stromal cells by a basement membrane that prevents these cell populations from mixing. [5] A mixture of these cell types is recognized, normally, as a wound, as in the example of a cut to the skin. [6] Metastasis is an example of a disease state in which a breach of the basement membrane barrier occurs. [7]
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), also known as cervical dysplasia, is the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. [1] More specifically, CIN refers to the potentially precancerous transformation of cells of the cervix.
"Dyskaryosis" is a term used for all squamous mucosal surfaces and commonly used for the uterine cervix condition in which some of the epithelial cells near the external orifice show abnormalities in their cellular nuclei. These changes are often quite subtle; often seen as temporary changes between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five.
Micrograph showing navicular cell in extremely high magnification. Navicular cell is a boat-shaped benign epithelial cell seen in Pap smear. [1] They are seen in pregnancy (most prominently during smears taken in the second trimester), [2] second half of menstrual cycle, during menopause and in women using medroxyprogesterone acetate (depo-provera) for contraception.
In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum. [9]
Cell nuclei should be crisp, blue to black on color [12] [13] and the chromatin patterns of the nucleus should be well defined. Cell cytoplasm stains blue-green and keratin stains orange in color. [13] [5] Eosin Y stains the superficial epithelial squamous cells, nucleoli, cilia, and red blood cells. [2]
The vaginal epithelium is divided into layers of cells, including the basal cells, the parabasal cells, the superficial squamous flat cells, and the intermediate cells. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 8 ] The superficial cells exfoliate continuously, and basal cells replace the superficial cells that die and slough off from the stratum corneum .