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The elements of an arithmetico-geometric sequence () are the products of the elements of an arithmetic progression (in blue) with initial value and common difference , = + (), with the corresponding elements of a geometric progression (in green) with initial value and common ratio , =, so that [4]
The art gallery problem or museum problem is a well-studied visibility problem in computational geometry.It originates from the following real-world problem: "In an art gallery, what is the minimum number of guards who together can observe the whole gallery?"
Even after such symmetry reductions, the reduced system of equations is often difficult to solve. For example, the Ernst equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation somewhat resembling the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS). But recall that the conformal group on Minkowski spacetime is the symmetry group of the Maxwell equations.
A solution of an equation is often called a root of the equation, particularly but not only for polynomial equations. The set of all solutions of an equation is its solution set. An equation may be solved either numerically or symbolically. Solving an equation numerically means that only numbers are admitted as solutions.
Since z = 1 − x, the solution of the hypergeometric equation at x = 1 is the same as the solution for this equation at z = 0. But the solution at z = 0 is identical to the solution we obtained for the point x = 0, if we replace each γ by α + β − γ + 1. Hence, to get the solutions, we just make this substitution in the previous results.
If an equation can be put into the form f(x) = x, and a solution x is an attractive fixed point of the function f, then one may begin with a point x 1 in the basin of attraction of x, and let x n+1 = f(x n) for n ≥ 1, and the sequence {x n} n ≥ 1 will converge to the solution x.
The solutions that are not exact are called non-exact solutions. Such solutions mainly arise due to the difficulty of solving the EFE in closed form and often take the form of approximations to ideal systems. Many non-exact solutions may be devoid of physical content, but serve as useful counterexamples to theoretical conjectures.
The Banach fixed point theorem is then invoked to show that there exists a unique fixed point, which is the solution of the initial value problem. An older proof of the Picard–Lindelöf theorem constructs a sequence of functions which converge to the solution of the integral equation, and thus, the solution of the initial value problem.