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  2. Hemolysin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin

    As hemolysins are produced by pathogenic organisms, the main treatment is the intake of antibiotics specific to the pathogen that have caused the infection. Moreover, some hemolysins may be neutralized by the action of anti-hemolysin antibodies, preventing a longer and more dangerous effect of hemolysis within the body.

  3. Pore-forming toxin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore-forming_toxin

    Pore-forming proteins (PFTs, also known as pore-forming toxins) are usually produced by bacteria, and include a number of protein exotoxins but may also be produced by other organisms such as apple snails that produce perivitellin-2 [1] [2] or earthworms, who produce lysenin.

  4. Exotoxin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotoxin

    Superantigens are produced by several bacteria. The best-characterized superantigens are those produced by the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes that cause toxic shock syndrome. Superantigens bridge the MHC class II protein on antigen-presenting cells with the T-cell receptor on the surface of T cells with a particular ...

  5. Virulence factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence_factor

    Bacteria produce various adhesins including lipoteichoic acid, trimeric autotransporter adhesins and a wide variety of other surface proteins to attach to host tissue. Capsules, made of carbohydrate, form part of the outer structure of many bacterial cells including Neisseria meningitidis .

  6. Bacterial adhesin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_adhesin

    FimH is a bacterial adhesin that helps bacteria such as Escherichia coli to bind to host cells and their receptors (here: the human proteins CD48 and TLR4, or mannose residues). [ 4 ] Most fimbria of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin.

  7. Bacterial cell structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure

    An S-layer (surface layer) is a cell surface protein layer found in many different bacteria and in some archaea, where it serves as the cell wall. All S-layers are made up of a two-dimensional array of proteins and have a crystalline appearance, the symmetry of which differs between species.

  8. M protein (Streptococcus) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_protein_(Streptococcus)

    M protein is a virulence factor that can be produced by certain species of Streptococcus. [1] Viruses, parasites and bacteria are covered in protein and sugar molecules that help them gain entry into a host by counteracting the host's defenses. One such molecule is the M protein produced by certain streptococcal bacteria.

  9. Neutralizing antibody - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralizing_antibody

    Viruses with a low density of surface structural proteins are more difficult for antibodies to bind to. [14] Some viral glycoproteins are heavily glycosylated by N- and O- linked glycans , creating a so-called glycan shield, which may decrease antibody binding affinity and facilitate evasion of neutralizing antibodies. [ 14 ]