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Until 2001–05, CPU speed, as measured by clock frequency, grew annually by 55%, whereas memory speed only grew by 7%. [1] This problem is known as the memory wall. The motivation for a cache and its hierarchy is to bridge this speed gap and overcome the memory wall. The critical component in most high-performance computers is the cache.
The resulting load on memory use is known as pressure (respectively register pressure, cache pressure, and (main) memory pressure). Terms for data being missing from a higher level and needing to be fetched from a lower level are, respectively: register spilling (due to register pressure : register to cache), cache miss (cache to main memory ...
If the lower level cache contains only blocks that are not present in the higher level cache, then the lower level cache is said to be exclusive of the higher level cache. If the contents of the lower level cache are neither strictly inclusive nor exclusive of the higher level cache, then it is called non-inclusive non-exclusive (NINE) cache ...
Cache hierarchy, or multi-level cache, is a memory architecture that uses a hierarchy of memory stores based on varying access speeds to cache data.Highly requested data is cached in high-speed access memory stores, allowing swifter access by central processing unit (CPU) cores.
The average memory reference time is [1] = + + where = miss ratio = 1 - (hit ratio) = time to make main-memory access when there is a miss (or, with a multi-level cache, average memory reference time for the next-lower cache)
The Tag field of the memory address is compared with tag bits associated with all the cache lines. If it matches, the block is present in the cache and is a cache hit. If it does not match, then it is a cache miss and has to be fetched from the lower memory. Based on the Offset, a byte is selected and returned to the processor. Fully ...
A form of level of detail management has been applied to texture maps for years, under the name of mipmapping, also providing higher rendering quality. It is commonplace to say that "an object has been LOD-ed" when the object is simplified by the underlying LOD-ing algorithm as well as a 3D modeler manually creating LOD models. [citation needed]
Memory is broken into blocks of objects each. A load or a store between main memory and a CPU register may now be serviced from the cache. If a load or a store cannot be serviced from the cache, it is called a cache miss. A cache miss results in one block being loaded from the main memory into the cache.